100 ways (Wiki introduction)

1. If pressure and temperature are constant, density of any substance, regardless of size is the same.
2. As pressure increases on a solid or gas, density increases.
3. As temperature of matter increases, its density decreases(in an open system).
4. Water expands when it freezes.
5. Many changes are cyclic(The repeat themselves).
6. Wateris most dense at 4 Degrees Celcius, when it is water.
7. The closer the isolines, the steeper the gradient.
8. When Calculating percent deviation, the accepted value is the correct answer while the Measured value is subject to error.
9. Dynamic equilbrium means balance.
10. Earth absorbs short waves (visible light) and radiates long waves (infrared energy).
11. The true shape of the earth is an oblate spheroid.
12. The best model of Earthat any reasonable scale is a perfect circle
13. The altitude of polaris equals your latitude. (diagram here) >
14. Latitude lines are drawn east-west and measure angular distances north and south.
15. Longitude lines are drawn north-south and measure angular distances east and west.
16. Longitude is based on observations of the sun.
17. The earth rotatesfrom west to east (24 hours)
18. The earth revolvescounterclockwise (365.25 days) when viewed from above the North Pole.
19. The sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west.
20. The moon has phasesbecause the angle between the earth and moon changes because the moon revolves around us (remember though that half is always lit.
21. Planets appear to go backwards (retrograde) as earth passes them in space.
22. Summer solstice: June 21st. Winter solstice: December 21st. Equinoxes: March 21st, September 23rd.
23. To an observer in the mid lattitudes in the northern hemisphere facing north, stars appear to make a complete circle around polaris (north star)
24. Blue shift: object (e.g. star) is getting closer to earth. Red shift: object is getting farther away from earth. (provides evidence that the universe is still expanding.
25. Equator always have 12 hours of day-light.
26. The lower the altitude of the sun is, the longer the shadow it casts.
27. The Coriolis effectresults from the earth's rotation. the Foucault Pendulum illustrates the Coriolis Effect, and so 'proves' the earth's rotation.
28. Earth is closer to the sun in winter.
29. The closer the planet is to the sun, the higher it's velocityand the further the planet is from the sun, the slower it's velocity.
30. Apparent diameter of objects (Sun, Moon) gets larger when the object is closer to Earth
31. The sun is one foci of an ellipse. There is nothing in the other foci.
32. Black objects absorb energy. White objects reflect energy.
33. Apparent diameter of objects (Sun, Moon) gets larger when the object is closer to Earth
34. Vertical rays(overhead sun) can only occur between 23.5 degrees North and 23.5 degrees South
35. Winds curve to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere due to earth rotation. Called the Coriolis Effect.
36. Energy moves from source to sink: high to low
37. Air moves clockwise and outward around a high>
38. Air moves counterclockwise and inward around a low>
39. Good absorbers of radiationare good raditators
40. Hottest part of the yearis in July in the Northern Hemisphere
41. Hottest part of the day is after 1:00 p.m.>
42. As temperatureincreases, air pressure decreases.
43. As atmospheric moisture (humidity)increases, atmospheric pressure decreases.
44. Air pressure decreases with altitude.>
45. Cooler and drier air generally exerts higher pressure.Warm, moist air generally exerts lower pressure.
46. Wind is the result of pressure differences.>
47. Wind blows from high to low pressure.
48. Wind is named for the directionthat it is coming from.
49. The closer the air temperature is to the dewpoint the greater the chance for precipitation.
50. Weather moves from west to east in the United States.
51. Generally, with the passage of a cold front, the temperature and humidity decrease, the pressure rises.
52. Generally, with the passage of a warm front, the temperature and humidity increase, the pressure decreases.
53. Occluded frontis formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front. try this linkfor definition-Mr. Fox
54. Cold frontsmove the fastest.
55. As air rises, it expandsand cools.
56. Porositydoes not depend on particle size.
57. As particle size increases, permeabilityincreases.
58. Capilarity increases as capilaritydecreases.
59. Ep (evapotranspiration)depends on temperature.
60. Water bodies moderate temperature. need better link..
61. Most surface water runoff occurs if the soil is bare, precipitation rate exceeds pereability rate, soil is satureated and slope of land is too great.
62. Chemical weathering dominates in warm, humid climates.
63. Physical weatehring dominates in cold, humid climates(good for frost wedging).
64. gravity is the force that drives erosion.
65. streams are currently the number 1 agent of erosion in new york state.
66. stream velocity depends on slope (gradient) and discharge.
67. velocity is the greatest on the outside of a meander bend.
68. heavy,round and dense particles settle out first. (see diagram here)
69. water sorts sediments by size verticlly,with the biggest sediments on the bottom only when sediments settle still in water.
70. isostasy: earth's crust in equilibrium.
71. unconformity is a buried erosion surface that represents a gap in the rock record.
72. The four principal types of drainage pattern are related to the underlying regional geology. They are: Dendritic (random), rectangular, radical and trellis(block).
73. When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, the surface area increases and weathering rate increases.
74. Mineral properties depend on internal atomic arrangment.
75. Continental crust is thick, less dense and granitic.
76. Continental crust is thick, less dense, and granitic
77. Sedimentary rocks commonly layered and almost almost all fossilsform in sedimentary envirorments
78. Igneous Rock: cools fast: small crystals: cools slow: large crystals
79. Metamorphic- banded- distorted structure
80. The silicon (Si) oxygen (O) tetrahedron is the building block of silicate minerals, the most abundant in earth's crust.
81. Arid landscape: steep slopes with sharp angles.
82. Humid landscape: smooth with rounded slopes.
83. Mid ocean ridge - new earth being created-sea floor spreading.
84. Trenches- earth being destroyed- subduction zone.>
85. P-waves are faster then S-waves.
86. P-waves pass through liquids, solids and gases (that's why people hear earthquakes. "S"-waves travel through "s"olids only. > >
87. You need three seismometer stationsto triangulate the epicenter of an earthquake.
88. Convection currents in the mantle move plates.
89. The orientation of the Earth's magnetic field has reversed with time.
90. Plate tectonics states the earth's crust is broken into plates which can move.
91. Three main types of plate boundaries: convergent, divergent and transform.
92. Mountains form by uplift.
93. The half-life of a radioactive element can't be changed.
94. Index fossilsare good time markers (widely spread, lived a short time).
95. Undisturbed strata - bottom layer is oldest.
96. Intrusion and faults are younger than the rock they are in.
97. Uranium 238 (U 238) dates old rocks.
98. Carbon 14 dates recent living objects.
99. Use your Earth Science Reference Tables! This is one of the most important tools in your test taking arsenal.

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